OAS Bushcraft — Stages 1 to 9

The youth member should be able to talk about and demonstrate on walks why the trail is there. This could be due to the importance of minimising environmental impact, reducing likelihood of getting lost or any other reasonable reasons they can come up with and demonstrate.

The youth member should be able to describe what the Buddy System is and how using the buddy system assists them in safety. This could include staying in pairs or threes, making sure they stay with Adult Leaders/supervisors, understanding the boundaries of their activity and that it is important for people to know where they are.

The youth member should understand the importance of stopping walking when they have a sense of not knowing where they are and why. They should always have a plan of what to do if they get lost on an activity. This plan could include stopping and trying to work out where they are then depending on the plan and the activity they might do some of the following: Retrace their steps to the last checkpoint where they knew their location Stay where they are and someone will come and find them Go to a predetermined location to find the rest of their Patrol. Lost people tend to walk in a line that bends to the left so over time they walk in circles and become more lost. It is very important to stop and assess.

The youth member should know their home personal address (where they live) and the address of where they are in case of an emergency. If they are in a rural/unfamiliar/hard to define location, they should know how to determine the intersection of two roads or points of interest near them.

These reasons could include, but are not limited to: • Warmth • Protection from the weather • Comfort • Sense of home • Storage • Protection from insects • Reducing the environmental impact that humans have on the environment when they camp.

The youth member must be able to safely and effectively strike a standard safety match.

The youth member should understand the need to collect dry fire wood and that they need different thicknesses to get the fire started and maintained. Wood for a campfire should be dry enough that when the youth member snaps it in half or cracks it, the sound is sharp and crisp. If the sound is dull, and the break is not quick and sudden, then the wood is likely to be damp inside, and should not be used. A general rule is that kindling should be thinner than a finger, and once the fire has been constructed and is burning away slowly add wood that is thumb thickness, then eventually wrist thickness.

The youth member should understand and discuss: • Why it is important to wear shoes/appropriate clothing around a campfire • Why not to place flammable items into a campfire and discuss other objects to be safe with around fires • How to put out a campfire with water only and leave it safe so it doesn't restart.

The youth member should understand the basic principle of Stop, Drop and Roll (what you do if your clothing catches fire) and be able to demonstrate this.

The youth member should be able to identify and understand how to evacuate a building. Any discussion needs to cover: Emergency Exits Muster & Evacuation Points

The game could be based on direction/movement based on the main points of compass (North, South, East & West). Navigational components include, but not limited to: • The 4 main cardinal points • Degrees to those points • Other features of a map or compass.

The youth member should be able to tie the clove hitch or other suitable knot and be able to apply the knots to prepare a functional clothes line for camp. They need to consider if the clothesline is connected to a tree or branch (What impact this may have on the tree and how to minimise that). The clothesline should also be in an appropriate place where it will not cause injury.

The youth member should be able to coil rope using appropriate methods. Please be aware that they should not use your elbow for wrapping rope (straight coil) because the ropes get tangled and the rope gets ruined due to the twist over time. You should also understand the reasons for keeping ropes away from dirt, dust, mud, and other damaging materials as much as possible.

The youth member should consider: • What goes in the bag? • What is the bag made of? • Where it should be stored at camp • Any hygiene points to know about their mess kit

The youth member should review the game they played including things such as: • What went well? • What was fun? • What was not fun? • What did I learn? • How can I apply what I have learnt? • (consider using aids for this such as Review> ball, SPICES cards, Method question flash cards etc).

The impact the youth member could have on the environment is based on the decisions that they make when outdoors. To minimise their impact, they should consider staying on designated trails and areas while outdoors. The youth member should understand environmental impact they could have on: • Foliage • Disease for plants and animals • Landscape and erosion effects • Waste such as rubbish

Consider: • DRSABCD • Emergency services • Other small accidents that may happen. • The youth member should be able to discuss first steps in an emergency response following DRSABCD: o Danger o Response o Send for Help o Airway o Breathing o CPR o Defibrillation. Depending on the accident sending for help could be seeking assistance from an adult or sending for emergency services.

Safety precautions should not restrict the purpose of the activity from being enjoyable, but should minimise as much risk exposure as possible. The youth member should consider: • Contacting the authorities or governing body of the area they will be in • Informing others • Thinking about other small accidents that may happen. The youth member should know to: • Make sure they have planned the activity • Think about what could go wrong, is there anything they can do to prevent that from happening. This is called 'Risk assessment and mitigation'. • Make sure they tell someone what the plan is • Make sure they have a plan if something goes wrong

The youth member understands how to contact the emergency services through the use of 000 or 112. The following information is from the Australian Government website and should be considered when the youth member answers/demonstrates this skill: Stay focused, stay relevant, stay on the line The Triple Zero (000) service is the quickest way to get the right emergency service to help you. You can contact Police, Fire, or Ambulance in life threatening or emergency situations. Assess the situation • Is someone seriously injured or in need of urgent medical help? • Is your life or property being threatened • Have you just witnessed a serious accident or crime? • If you answered YES call Triple Zero (000). • Make your call Stay calm and call Triple Zero from a safe place. When your call is answered you will be asked if you need Police, Fire or Ambulance. If requested by the operator, state your town and location. Your call will be directed to the service you asked for. When connected to the emergency service, stay on the line, speak clear and answer the questions. Don't hang up until the operator tells you to do so. Providing location information: You will be asked where you are. Try to provide street number, street name, nearest cross street and the area. In rural areas give the full address and distances from landmarks and roads as well as the property name. If calling from a mobile or satellite phone, the operator may ask you for other location information. If you make a call while travelling, state the direction you are travelling and the last motorway exit or town you passed.

This should be learnt and demonstrated a few times to make sure it is a known and repeatable skill. There are 360 degrees on a compass. This includes: • North – 360 degrees • East – 90 degrees • South – 180 degrees • West – 270 degrees

The youth member should be able to plan for and discuss the importance of: • Washing (as it pertains to sickness and food hygiene) • Why clean surfaces are important • Why it's important to have clean cooking and preparation equipment • How to store food correctly • How to keep themselves healthy (personal hygiene).

The youth member should demonstrate suitable clothing for the activity and location, including understanding and demonstrating slip, slop, slap, seek and slide.

The snack should be a food item that requires some preparation, and cooked on coals after a fire has been lit and burnt down to form coals. Examples include: • Chocolate bananas • Caramelised apples • Stuffed potato • Marshmallow • Jaffles

The youth member should be able to make a realistic estimate for how much water they need to carry on a specific outdoor activity. The water intake should be approximately 3 litres over the full day but it will depend on a number of factors such as: • Temperature • Humidity • Amount of exertion • Individual fitness The youth member will need to demonstrate that their estimate was realistic.

The youth member should be able to demonstrate: • Clear an effective area on the ground • Consider materials than can catch fire • Have a fire extinguishing source (i.e. water, NOT sand) close by • Consider digging a fire pit if land management regulations allow • Building a fire with appropriate natural materials

The youth member should be able to identify and understand the following: • Importance of adult supervision when surrounding fire • Never play with matches and other fire lighting equipment without an adult present • Basic risks surrounding fires, including burns, and how they occur (e.g. running around a campfire, kicking a burning object, throwing stuff into the fire)

The youth member should demonstrate determining these directions by using one (or more) of the following methods: • Analog watch face • Makeshift sundial • The stars • The sun • General knowledge of location and local landmarks

The youth member can choose three different knots and must be able to apply the knots in an effective manner in different activities and situations. These knots could be: • Square lashing • Clove hitch • Reef knot • Sheet-bend • Sheepshank • Round turn and two half-hitches • Other hitch variations

The youth member should review the two bushcraft activities and discuss: • What went well? • What was fun? • What was not fun? • What did I learn? • How can I apply what I have learnt? • (consider using aids for this such as Review> ball, SPICES cards, Method question flash cards etc).

The youth member should take part in a reflection activity to determine what could be done better, what learnings there where and what would make it more fun next time.

The 'right' clothing will depend entirely on the activity and the season that the youth member is doing the activity in. Consider the needs of the activity and time of year. It is helpful to know how appropriate clothing will help. Knowing this will mean the youth member will have a better time.

The youth member should be aware of native flora and fauna found in the areas they usually conduct activities in. They should know which native and introduced creatures are dangerous. They need to understand that there are very few common characteristics of colouring, taste, odour or shape that can be used to distinguish between a poisonous and a non- poisonous plant in Australia. It is important to consult a handbook, guide, online resource and/or expert in Australian plants before eating, touching or cultivating any unidentified plants from the bush.

The youth member should include getting the latest weather forecast as part of their planning for bushcraft activities. The most reliable online weather predictions come from the Bureau of Meteorology website. It is important to show the ability to navigate to credible sources of weather information. Do not forget to check individual state or territories' Department of Parks and Wildlife (or equivalent) for the most up to date information regarding bushfires or other extreme weather events that will be affecting local areas.

This and other first aid requirements can be done in a mock emergencies night or activity on camp to demonstrate skills. The youth member should know that they need to cool the burned skin under cool running water for 20 minutes. Then protect the burn by covering with a sterile non- adhesive bandage or clean cloth. The youth member should also understand the importance of not putting ice on a burn as it will further damage the burned skin.

This and other first aid requirements can be done in a mock emergencies night or activity on camp to demonstrate skills. The youth member should understand the need to apply pressure to stop the bleeding, clean the wound to prevent infection and dress the wound. When planning their activity, they need to ensure they have the first aid materials required to treat cuts and minor bleeding.

The youth member needs to demonstrate their understanding of the steps of DRSABCD in a mock emergency situation: • D for Danger • R for Response • S for Send for Help • A for Airway • B for Breathing • C for Circulation • D for Defibrillation.

The youth member should be able to identify and point out the following items in their hall: • Fire Extinguisher • Fire Blanket (if equipped) • Fire Hose (if equipped) • First Aid kit.

The meal should be cooked using a camp stove, or in a camp oven (cast iron style pot) over a fire. Modifications to the method of cooking can occur to suit climate-based limitations. The youth member will need to demonstrate cooking a meal which should be at least two courses (an entrée and main or a main and dessert) and the main course should have at least two components.

The youth member should be able to discuss and understand the two main ways that large bushfires start: • natural causes - e.g. lightning strikes • irresponsible human behaviour - e.g. unattended campfires, spreading of bonfires, etc

The youth member needs to be able to name five different situations, as well as both the prevention of and way to deal with them. These situations must be based on outdoor examples, in the field. The best way to demonstrate these situations is by running a mock emergency activity. For example one of their Patrol members spraining their ankle on a bushwalk. To prevent this, the youth member could have ensured everyone was wearing appropriate footwear with ankle protection, staying to the tracks and walking at an appropriate speed. To deal with the situation, apply the First Aid principle RICER: • Rest • Ice • Compress • Elevation • Referral What situations can you think of?

The youth member should be able to: • Identify the Pointers, two bright stars in the southern sky. They point to the 'top' of the Southern Cross (which is inverted) • Identify the Southern Cross. Be careful not to be confused by the False Cross, which looks similar but lacks Epsilon (the fifth, smaller, star) • Draw an imaginary line through the long axis of the Southern Cross • Draw an imaginary line at 90° to the two Pointers • The point where these two imaginary lines intersect is directly above celestial south. Drop a line from this point to the horizon, and that is South.

The youth member should be able to point out three Constellations excluding the Southern Cross. Such as: • Orion • The Two Pointers • The Big Dipper (also known as the shopping trolley, the spoon etc) • The Seven Sisters. Explaining how the youth member knows these constellations and what they represent is desirable.

The youth member should plan and set up a compass trail, including cardinal and inter-cardinal points to follow. The compass trail should be set so a trail can be followed. It does not need to be out in the bush; it can be in a park or oval near the Scout hall.

The youth member should be able to teach a younger Scout who is currently working on Stage 1 Bushcraft the importance of the buddy system and how it is there to keep them safe.

The youth member may include any items they like, as long as they are sensible, appropriate to the activities undertaken by the Group, and the youth member can articulate a reason for inclusion. For example, a hatchet would not usually be appropriate, but if your Group undertakes a lot of 4WD activities then the youth member may be able to justify it; whereas in a sailing or bushwalking-oriented Group they would not. There may be some overlap with a first aid kit, but the purpose of survival and first aid kits are different, and they should not be all first aid items. Common items suitable for everyone include: • Cord • Whistle • Tiny LED torch • Cable ties • Space blanket/bag • Gaffer, duct, or electrical tape • Button compass • Glowstick • Safety pins Other items which might be appropriate for older members include: • Matches, lighter, or flint • Pocket knife • Firelighters • Wire saw Fishing line, hooks, and sinkers

The youth member can use plastic sheeting and rope to build a shelter, depending on the location and available trees. Some ideas include: • Tying the sheeting between four trees to form a canopy. • Using the rope as a ridge line between two trees and using sharp sticks, stake the sides to the ground to create an A-frame shelter • Tying two opposite corners of the sheet to two trees and secure the other ends to the ground with stick stakes or heavy rocks to create a lean-to tent • If there are no trees but the youth member brought walking poles or long sticks, they can use them as uprights for the shelter

The youth member can choose five different knots (three of which could be the ones they learned and demonstrated in Stage 2) and be able to apply the knots in an effective manner in different activities and situations. Some ideas are: • Square lashing • Clove hitch • Reef knot • Sheet-bend • Sheepshank • Other hitch variations

After the youth member's compass trail, they should be able to discuss things such as: • How the Patrol worked as a team • How individuals followed instructions • Was it adventurous, fun, challenging and inclusive and if not how can you make it so next time?

Thinking about their shelter, if the weather was different would they need to make improvements and what improvements would they have made? What will they do differently next time to challenge themselves further?

The youth member should consider the importance of protecting live trees and other components of the environment. In their planning do they have enough materials and are they sustainably sourced?

The youth member can plan the safe removal of items from storage and safely load them onto vehicles or trailers. They can effectively tie the pioneering equipment onto vehicles and trailers with adult supervision.

The youth member's plan should be clear to interpret by all members of their Patrol, so they are all working towards the same goal, and the adult Leaders or Unit Leaders are able to understand what is being constructed.

The youth member can clearly interpret a pioneering activity plan, to ensure the whole Patrol is working towards the same goal.

The youth member understands which poles and ropes are required for different types of pioneering projects. Considerations are:  Large, round and long poles are excellent for bridge structures.  Medium thickness and length poles are ideal for chariots and movable components.  Thin and light poles are ideal for ballistas and other siege weaponry or structures such as camp accessories and flagpoles. The rope that should be used will depend on the activity and should be in accordance with National and Branch Policies. Keep in mind the swelling of rope during water based activities.

The youth member should demonstrate the construction of a flag pole design of 5 metres. They need to consider the risk factors and ensure all safety requirements are met. Please be aware that a 5 metre flag pole is significantly tall and must include tethering/guy lines and supported design. The majority of the weight of the tower, and the centre of gravity, must be as low to the ground as possible. The pulley and components that are hoisted to 5 metres must be as minimal as possible.

The youth member is encouraged to be creative and adaptive in their chariot design. A drawn up plan would ideally be undertaken prior to the construction. The classical A-Frame shape is one of the styles they could construct.

The youth member should be constructing a pioneering project based on a draw up plan. The youth member and their Patrol will need to consider and mitigate the risks surrounding their chosen design. Examples include:  Camp chair Table  Patrol box  Monkey bridge  Suspension bridge  Observation tower  Ballista or other siege weaponry, such as a trebuchet

The youth member has researched best practise safety precautions and should be aware that strong caution needs to be taken regarding structures that have materials up high, or involve large poles etc. Any structure that is designed to be climbed must be completely finished and anchored before any person climbs it. Safe lifting techniques, hand protection with gloves and potentially head protection should be used if risk of falling objects. The National and Branch Policies on Pioneering should be referred to when constructing large scale pioneering projects.

The lashings chosen should be relevant to the pioneering project the youth member is working on. Some advanced pioneering related lashings include:  Diamond Lashing  Modified Square Lashing  West Country Round Lashing  Two Spar Shear Lashing

The youth member should discuss with their Patrol or Unit the pioneering activities they have completed at this Stage and identify where they can improve their skills and practices for next time.

The youth member should also be keeping a log of what equipment was used during their activities. Ensure that it is packed away and stored correctly. If anything is damaged or needs replacing, note it in a log and discuss with Unit Council.

The youth member should be able to identify the risks surrounding:  Pioneering practices  Hoisting weight  Tethering structure  Tensioning rope  Climbing towers or bridges Safe heights of construction  Causes of injury from wood (such as splinters) and rope (such as rope burn). These risks should be noted in the youth members risk assessment along with what they can do to minimise the risks. They should consider risks to person and to equipment depending on the natural elements and human factors.

The youth member could consider planning and designing projects such as a:  Gateway  Bridge  Tower  Camp wash basin Chariot It is important for the design to be something that will be useful and impactful on the camp experience for the Patrol or Unit.

The youth member should understand and demonstrate best practise use of the general guidelines for a camp axe usage, which are to:  Ensure that no one is behind or nearby when in use Walk with the axe head grasped in the palm of the hand in a fist shape, with the blade facing behind, and the youth members' arm fully extended.  Make sure that the axe is only used for wood, not rock or any other material.  Keep the axe sharp through the use of a whetstone.  When swinging, be deliberate and careful, standing with legs apart and shoulders firm.  Swing in a vertical circular motion, bringing the axe straight down with force to the piece of wood in front.  Make sure the wood is raised above the ground on a firm surface so that maximum impact is achieved.  When using a bow saw, make sure that the saw is not in danger of sawing into rock, dirt, metal or any other material.  Ensure that the saw is used with deliberate and powerful motion, and that the wood is held in place firmly.  When using tools such as a bow saw or camp axe, it is important that appropriate clothing and footwear is worn.

The youth member should complete a first aid course through an accredited provider and provide a certificate. The first aid course should cover similar content to Provide first aid (HLTAID003) or the current workplace first aid qualification. The youth member may substitute a higher first aid unit such as Provide advanced first aid or Provide first aid in a remote location * Members under the age of 14 may be able to participate in Provide First Aid courses, but may not necessarily receive the formal Units of Competency.

The youth member needs to ensure that camp kitchen components are stable, flat, useful, and accessible to all.

The youth member can find a simple design for this sort of tower online, in books, or in the Scout Field Book. Make sure that the tower is reinforced, supported, and tethered appropriately. It is recommended to construct the tower in segments on the ground, and then hoist and lash together vertically once the side pieces are securely created. Make sure to follow the National and Branch Policies when creating the tower.

The youth member should have challenged themselves to try and undertake seven different types of pioneering projects since Stage 1 of Bushcraft.

The youth member could build a 'Da Vinci Bridge' that relies on friction and opposing forces to hold the logs/poles together, or come up with something entirely new.

The presentation should cover the design, planning and construction of some different pioneering projects that the youth member has led and assisted with. The aim of their presentation is to encourage those that watch it to be inspired to create some unique and exciting pioneering structures. The youth member should also point out their learnings so that those in attendance can be aware of some classic pitfalls when building and/or designing a pioneering structure.

The youth member should think about other skills such as:  Technical drawing  Use of natural materials Rafting and floatation techniques  Tensioning and anchoring methods  Medieval siege weaponry  Bridge design  Pioneering construction methods from different cultures

The youth member should understand that pioneering is often a physically demanding activity and therefore it is important to consider hydration and nutrition as part of their activity planning.

The youth member should consider the local environment when planning their sourcing of pioneering materials. Ensure that they have landowners permission. Often landowners wish to thin their bushland to reduce risk of bushfires and those trees are ideal for harvesting naturally. The youth member needs to ensure the material is harvested in a non-detrimental manner, taking consideration of the other fauna and flora in the surrounding area, the slope, soil type and erodibility, presence of waterways, and the presence of biodiversity values as well as tree size.

The youth member should consider doing this on a camp or activity for a purpose other than just meeting this requirement. A major project is primarily defined by size of structure (5 metres by 10 metres) and also the length of time that is required for its construction. The project should take approximately 6 hours, including planning.

The youth member will need to design a project which will require the use of pulleys. This should be a different project to what they undertook in previous Pioneering Stages. Pulleys are often used to provide tension and tethering between structure and anchor point, as well as hoisting a flag or material to the top of a pole or structure.

The youth member should discuss with a Scout undertaking Stage 4 pioneering what projects they are wanting to complete. Then assist and teach them the skills required to achieve the project requirements. At the end of the activity, review and assess their competency.

The youth member should inspect all equipment prior to construction. Ensure the poles are sound without rot or infestations. Check pulleys for rust, cracks and other damage. Ensure that all ropes are not rotting or damaged.

The youth member should be considering more advanced or technical (for a specific purpose) knots at this Stage. They should be competent at applying these technical knots in different ways/to solve different problems during a pioneering activity.

The youth member should have challenged themselves to try and undertake ten different types of pioneering projects.

Guidance under development.

The presentation could be in person, via a video the youth member has made or a written report and should cover the design, planning and construction of some different pioneering projects that the youth member led and assisted with. The aim of this presentation is to encourage those that watch it to be inspired to create some unique and exciting pioneering structures. The youth member should also point out their learnings so the audience can be aware of some classic pitfalls when designing and building a pioneering structure.

You should know different ways to prevent rust from building up in the different devices, how to keep rope from being damaged, and how to prevent water damage to poles.

The youth member should assist and guide a Scout who is undertaking a Stage 6 pioneering project, and guide them through the common pitfalls and challenges that they will likely encounter at that Stage.

The youth member should research and design a fun pioneering element. 'Play equipment' could include:  Climbing frame  Bouldering wall  A-frame  Suspension bridge  Obstacle course The youth member needs to put together a plan, based on a design, including risk mitigation for the pioneering equipment

The youth member should research and design a bridge which suits their location and the resources available. The youth member should use a pivot to traverse the river, and then build the bridge supports on either bank. The bridge may have a rope based crossing, or if adequate materials are available, a wooden crossing. The youth member will need to ensure that the anchors on each end of the bridge are secure, and also that the span across the river is appropriately supported. Consider where there might need to be a bridge in the local area or scout hall, alternatively a mock river could be utilised to achieve the goal. Consider safety measures and regulations for this task as part of the activity plan.

The youth member will need to be able to successfully splice rope using these three methods. A back splice is used at the end of a rope to prevent it from fraying. A short splice is used as a firm join between two lengths of rope to lengthen it. An eye splice is used to provide a loop in rope that can be secured when mooring a boat, towing something, or securing a load. All splices may struggle to be created using synthetic/polymer based ropes, due to the lack of friction these ropes have, and so in some cases it is best to use rope made from cord or a natural fibre.

The youth member should assist in the building of a 10-person dining shelter. During design and construction, consider the weather conditions which main shelter elements must protect from. These include:  Strong wind  Rain  Dust Condensation It is unlikely that the shelter will be able to protect the insides from snow, sleet or heavy rain, however if the the youth member is up for a challenge then this is encouraged. Make sure that the frame of the shelter is constructed using reliable natural materials that are strong enough to withstand harsh weather.

The youth member could consider the following natural plant products for a 3-strand rope:  Vines  Wild grasses Certain tree barks  Sea weed The fibres are likely to need to be quite fresh or green at the time of splicing so that they form a strong rope. Make sure that no materials are stripped from living trees or plants, as this is damaging to them and the ecosystem.

The youth member must have completed the Wilderness First Aid skill set. This can be through a course with an accredited provider or by other means, such as Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) through SAIT or other providers. For the purposes of the OAS, the Wilderness First Aid skillset (SISSS00126) includes:  HLTAID003 Provide first aid  SISOFLD004 Provide first aid in remote locations  SISXEMR002 Coordinate emergency responses (or their replacement).

The youth member should have been involved in ten major pioneering projects. A major project is primarily defined by size of structure (5 metres by 10 metres) and also the length of time that is required for its construction. Projects should take approximately 6 hours each, including planning.

Guidance under development.

The youth member should have kept their CPR and first aid certification up to date through an accredited provider (including wilderness first aid).

The youth member needs to create a plan that is accessible, clearly drawn and labelled, and supports the construction of a large-scale pioneering project. When choosing their project, the youth member needs to consider the purpose to the pioneering project and it should benefit their Unit, Group, or Community in some way. The youth member will need to create a small-scale model of their project as part of planning. Their large scale project might be completed over many regular nights, (and kept in pieces in between) or it may be constructed in one sitting over a whole weekend. Some examples are a:  Large observation tower structure  Solid wooden bridge that has a wide pathway  Tree platform  Storage platform inside the Scout Hall  Permanently installed bridge that will benefit the local community

The programming for the youth members camp should focus on:  Pioneering construction methods  Advanced ropework and knots Using natural materials to construct structures  How to maintain and care for rope  How to repair rope  Anchoring methods  How to ensure that knots and lashings are adequately tight and strong  How to choose specific knots for different purposes When planning the camp, they need to ensure it will be Adventurous, Fun, Challenging and Inclusive for the Scouts invited.

The youth member should ensure that their gateway is strong enough and planned well to last the entire time of the camping activity, withstanding all weather events and camp conditions. The gateway must be solid and sturdy, and be designed to attract other youth members to visit the campsite.

The youth member should include all the planning, design and instructions to pioneer furniture which is useful, purposeful, and suitable for use by all members. Their pioneered furniture such as a table, chairs, benches, food serving tables, and washing up basin stands, should demonstrate advanced pioneering using the relative technical knots and lashings.

The large-scale project should be the one that was designed in a previous statement at this Stage and should be a permanent or semi permanent installation that provides a useful structure to the Unit, Group or Community. The whole project from Plan> to Do> should take approximately 3 months and the youth member will need to consider local legislation and landowner permissions when undertaking this project.

The youth member must read and follow safety measures appropriate to their situation & application. The youth member will also need to know and follow any local legislation regarding use of chainsaws. Detailed chainsaw safety should be sought from online resources as well as from a Subject Matter Expert. Basic principles are as follows:  Know your machines capabilities  Check your chainsaw (lubrication, jammed components, wood dust, sharp teeth, depth gauge etc)  Check the work area  Watch for kickback  Never cut above shoulder height  Always wear protection  Hold and use the saw correctly  Cut only one log or branch at a time  Maintain the saw over time  Treat all uses and jobs with the same seriousness

The presentation should be a review of their Stage 1-9 journey through Outdoor Adventure Skills - Bushcraft Pioneering. It should cover the design, planning and construction of some different pioneering projects that the youth member has led and assisted with and associated learnings. The presentation itself could be in any form, a video blog, PowerPoint presentation, visual or verbal presentation bearing in mind that the aim of the presentation is to encourage those that watch it to be inspired to create some unique and exciting pioneering structures